TY - JOUR
T1 - Sampling of fluid through skin with magnetohydrodynamics for noninvasive glucose monitoring
AU - Hakala, Tuuli A.
AU - García Pérez, Alejandro
AU - Wardale, Melissa
AU - Ruuth, Ida A.
AU - Vänskä, Risto T.
AU - Nurminen, Teemu A.
AU - Kemp, Emily
AU - Boeva, Zhanna A.
AU - Alakoskela, Juha Matti
AU - Pettersson-Fernholm, Kim
AU - Hæggström, Edward
AU - Bobacka, Johan
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Arctic frame Studio for contributing to Fig 1c. We thank Business Finland (projects: 1258/31/2016, 2538/31/2018) and Academy of Finland (Key Project Funding No. 306041) for financial support. We thank IOT Forge for contributing to the design and construction of the diffusion cell.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - Out of 463 million people currently with diabetes, 232 million remain undiagnosed. Diabetes is a threat to human health, which could be mitigated via continuous self-monitoring of glucose. In addition to blood, interstitial fluid is considered to be a representative sample for glucose monitoring, which makes it highly attractive for wearable on-body sensing. However, new technologies are needed for efficient and noninvasive sampling of interstitial fluid through the skin. In this report, we introduce the use of Lorentz force and magnetohydrodynamics to noninvasively extract dermal interstitial fluid. Using porcine skin as an ex-vivo model, we demonstrate that the extraction rate of magnetohydrodynamics is superior to that of reverse iontophoresis. This work seeks to provide a safe, effective, and noninvasive sampling method to unlock the potential of wearable sensors in needle-free continuous glucose monitoring devices that can benefit people living with diabetes.
AB - Out of 463 million people currently with diabetes, 232 million remain undiagnosed. Diabetes is a threat to human health, which could be mitigated via continuous self-monitoring of glucose. In addition to blood, interstitial fluid is considered to be a representative sample for glucose monitoring, which makes it highly attractive for wearable on-body sensing. However, new technologies are needed for efficient and noninvasive sampling of interstitial fluid through the skin. In this report, we introduce the use of Lorentz force and magnetohydrodynamics to noninvasively extract dermal interstitial fluid. Using porcine skin as an ex-vivo model, we demonstrate that the extraction rate of magnetohydrodynamics is superior to that of reverse iontophoresis. This work seeks to provide a safe, effective, and noninvasive sampling method to unlock the potential of wearable sensors in needle-free continuous glucose monitoring devices that can benefit people living with diabetes.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103995978&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41598-021-86931-7
DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-86931-7
M3 - Article
C2 - 33828144
AN - SCOPUS:85103995978
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 11
JO - Scientific Reports
JF - Scientific Reports
IS - 1
M1 - 7609
ER -