TY - JOUR
T1 - Oxidation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by chlorine dioxide
T2 - Influence of natural organic matter
AU - Kull, Tomas P.J.
AU - Sjövall, Olli T.
AU - Tammenkoski, Marko K.
AU - Backlund, Peter H.
AU - Meriluoto, Jussi A.O.
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2006
Y1 - 2006
N2 - Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known producers of cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic compounds with severe acute and chronic effects on vertebrates. Successful removal of these toxins in drinking water treatment is therefore of importance for public health. In the present work the oxidation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was studied at natural microcystin concentrations (10 μg L-1) and normal ClO2 dosages (1 mg L-1) in the absence and presence of natural organic matter (NOM). ClO2 was found to be rapidly consumed by fulvic and humic acids, leaving less residual ClO 2 to oxidize MC-LR. Predicted decrease rates in MC-LR concentration correlated highly with experimental data both in pure water and in the presence of NOM. Rate constants determined at high ClO2 and MC-LR concentrations in pure water could be used to predict the oxidation of MC-LR at natural concentrations. Toxicity tests with a protein phosphatase inhibition assay on reaction solutions and high-performance liquid chromatography fractions revealed that PP1 enzyme inhibition emerged only from intact MC-LR, while the oxidation products, dihydroxy isomers of MC-LR, were nontoxic even at unnaturally high concentrations.
AB - Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are known producers of cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic compounds with severe acute and chronic effects on vertebrates. Successful removal of these toxins in drinking water treatment is therefore of importance for public health. In the present work the oxidation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was studied at natural microcystin concentrations (10 μg L-1) and normal ClO2 dosages (1 mg L-1) in the absence and presence of natural organic matter (NOM). ClO2 was found to be rapidly consumed by fulvic and humic acids, leaving less residual ClO 2 to oxidize MC-LR. Predicted decrease rates in MC-LR concentration correlated highly with experimental data both in pure water and in the presence of NOM. Rate constants determined at high ClO2 and MC-LR concentrations in pure water could be used to predict the oxidation of MC-LR at natural concentrations. Toxicity tests with a protein phosphatase inhibition assay on reaction solutions and high-performance liquid chromatography fractions revealed that PP1 enzyme inhibition emerged only from intact MC-LR, while the oxidation products, dihydroxy isomers of MC-LR, were nontoxic even at unnaturally high concentrations.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33644862956&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/es051729g
DO - 10.1021/es051729g
M3 - Article
C2 - 16568763
AN - SCOPUS:33644862956
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 40
SP - 1504
EP - 1510
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
IS - 5
ER -