Preparation and application of composite phase change materials stabilized by cellulose nanofibril-based foams for thermal energy storage

The leakage issue and inferior heat conduction of organic phase change materials (PCMs) limit their actual applications. In the present study, cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based foams were prepared as the porous scaffolds for polyethylene glycol (PEG) and paraffin wax (Pw) to prevent their leakage, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated to improve the heat transfer performance. The prepared foams had low density (<67.3 kg/m ³) and high porosity (>94.5 %). Selective chemical modifications of nanocellulose foams enhanced their shape-stability and compatibility with PCMs. The highly porous foam structure and favorable compatibility resulted in high PCM loading levels (93.63 % for PEG and 91.77 % for Pw) and negligible PCM leakage (<2 %). CNTs improved the heat transfer performance of PCMs, as evidenced by the improved thermal conductivities and boosted temperature rises during solar heating. Meanwhile, the composite PCMs exhibited improved thermal stability over the control. PEG-based composite PCM exhibited a phase change enthalpy of 143 kJ/kg with a melting temperature of 25.2 °C; Pw-based composite PCM exhibited a phase change enthalpy of 184 kJ/kg with a melting temperature of 53.4 °C. Novel PCM sandwich structures based on these composite PCMs and a thermoelectric generator were designed and displayed promising potential for solar energy harvesting and utilization.