Shear exfoliated few-layer graphene and cellulose nanocrystal composite as biocompatible anode with efficient charge transfer

Sara Lund; Elisabeth Björnvik; Qingbo Wang; Xiaoju Wang; Sindhujaa Vajravel; Laura T. Wey; Yagut Allahverdiyeva; Jussi Kauppila; Jan-Henrik Smått; Jouko Peltonen; Rose-Marie Latonen; Tom Lindfors

doi:10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100210

Shear exfoliated few-layer graphene and cellulose nanocrystal composite as biocompatible anode with efficient charge transfer

Sara Lund
, Elisabeth Björnvik
, Qingbo Wang
, Xiaoju Wang
, Sindhujaa Vajravel
, Laura T. Wey
, Yagut Allahverdiyeva
, Jussi Kauppila
, Jan-Henrik Smått
, Jouko Peltonen
, Rose-Marie Latonen
, Tom Lindfors^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

6 Citations (Scopus)

110 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Electroconductive composites of graphene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared by direct exfoliation of natural flake graphite in CNC suspensions. Using the scalable high-shear exfoliation method, we show that the environmentally friendly CNC is an excellent graphene stabilizer as we prepared aqueous graphene-CNC dispersions with a high concentration (4.0 mg ml⁻¹) and yield (4.0%) after only 2 h exfoliation time. With this fast and facile method, we exfoliated graphite using CNC with different amounts of negatively charged sulfate ester groups. We found that the graphene concentration is proportional to zeta potential of the CNC suspension suggesting that electrostatic repulsion plays a key role in graphene stabilization. Albeit the insulating nature of CNC, the spray-coated composite films were electrically conductive with conductivity up to 280 S m⁻¹, depending on the CNC amount. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed a reversible redox response for the Fe(CN)₆^3-/4− couple proving that the electron transfer was efficient in the composite film. Furthermore, biocompatibility studies with photosynthetic microorganisms revealed no toxic effects as the cells maintained their photosynthetic performance and growth when placed in direct contact with the composite. The cytocompatibility, electroactivity and good water-stability make the composite film a promising anode for bioelectrochemical applications.

Original language	English
Article number	100210
Journal	Carbon Trends
Volume	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100210
Publication status	Published - Oct 2022
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

This work was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 292472), Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, K.H. Renlund foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation project “PhotoCat” (no. NNF20OC0064371 to Y.A) and Kone foundation (project number 201608799). The authors greatly acknowledge Lic.Sc. Jenny Palosaari from Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University (ÅAU), M.Sc. Rasmus Blomquist and M.Sc. Sauli Raunio from Grafintec Oy (Beowulf Mining) for providing the graphite-bearing rock samples from Haapamäki, Finland. Dr. Sergey Kosourov is acknowledged for his advice regarding the biocompatibility of photosynthetic microbes. SmartBio Biocity Turku Research program is acknowledged for stimulating multidisciplinary collaboration. This work was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 292472 ), Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, K.H. Renlund foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation project “PhotoCat” (no. NNF20OC0064371 to Y.A) and Kone foundation (project number 201608799 ). The authors greatly acknowledge Lic.Sc. Jenny Palosaari from Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University (ÅAU), M.Sc. Rasmus Blomquist and M.Sc. Sauli Raunio from Grafintec Oy (Beowulf Mining) for providing the graphite-bearing rock samples from Haapamäki, Finland. Dr. Sergey Kosourov is acknowledged for his advice regarding the biocompatibility of photosynthetic microbes. SmartBio Biocity Turku Research program is acknowledged for stimulating multidisciplinary collaboration.

Keywords

cytocompatibility
electroactivity
few-layer graphene
liquid-phase exfoliation
nanocellulose
natural flake graphite

Access to Document

10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100210Licence: CC BY

1-s2.0-S2667056922000669-main-2Final published version, 4.36 MBLicence: CC BY

https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2023030329433

Cite this

Lund, S., Björnvik, E., Wang, Q., Wang, X., Vajravel, S., Wey, L. T., Allahverdiyeva, Y., Kauppila, J., Smått, J.-H., Peltonen, J., Latonen, R.-M., & Lindfors, T. (2022). Shear exfoliated few-layer graphene and cellulose nanocrystal composite as biocompatible anode with efficient charge transfer. Carbon Trends, 9, Article 100210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100210

@article{5121d60d40414672b00c31e1688d49e3,

title = "Shear exfoliated few-layer graphene and cellulose nanocrystal composite as biocompatible anode with efficient charge transfer",

abstract = "Electroconductive composites of graphene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared by direct exfoliation of natural flake graphite in CNC suspensions. Using the scalable high-shear exfoliation method, we show that the environmentally friendly CNC is an excellent graphene stabilizer as we prepared aqueous graphene-CNC dispersions with a high concentration (4.0 mg ml−1) and yield (4.0\%) after only 2 h exfoliation time. With this fast and facile method, we exfoliated graphite using CNC with different amounts of negatively charged sulfate ester groups. We found that the graphene concentration is proportional to zeta potential of the CNC suspension suggesting that electrostatic repulsion plays a key role in graphene stabilization. Albeit the insulating nature of CNC, the spray-coated composite films were electrically conductive with conductivity up to 280 S m−1, depending on the CNC amount. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed a reversible redox response for the Fe(CN)63-/4− couple proving that the electron transfer was efficient in the composite film. Furthermore, biocompatibility studies with photosynthetic microorganisms revealed no toxic effects as the cells maintained their photosynthetic performance and growth when placed in direct contact with the composite. The cytocompatibility, electroactivity and good water-stability make the composite film a promising anode for bioelectrochemical applications.",

keywords = "cytocompatibility, electroactivity, few-layer graphene, liquid-phase exfoliation, nanocellulose, natural flake graphite",

author = "Sara Lund and Elisabeth Bj{\"o}rnvik and Qingbo Wang and Xiaoju Wang and Sindhujaa Vajravel and Wey, \{Laura T.\} and Yagut Allahverdiyeva and Jussi Kauppila and Jan-Henrik Sm{\aa}tt and Jouko Peltonen and Rose-Marie Latonen and Tom Lindfors",

note = "Funding Information: This work was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 292472), Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, K.H. Renlund foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation project “PhotoCat” (no. NNF20OC0064371 to Y.A) and Kone foundation (project number 201608799). The authors greatly acknowledge Lic.Sc. Jenny Palosaari from Department of Geology and Mineralogy, {\AA}bo Akademi University ({\AA}AU), M.Sc. Rasmus Blomquist and M.Sc. Sauli Raunio from Grafintec Oy (Beowulf Mining) for providing the graphite-bearing rock samples from Haapam{\"a}ki, Finland. Dr. Sergey Kosourov is acknowledged for his advice regarding the biocompatibility of photosynthetic microbes. SmartBio Biocity Turku Research program is acknowledged for stimulating multidisciplinary collaboration. Funding Information: This work was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 292472 ), Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, K.H. Renlund foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation project “PhotoCat” (no. NNF20OC0064371 to Y.A) and Kone foundation (project number 201608799 ). The authors greatly acknowledge Lic.Sc. Jenny Palosaari from Department of Geology and Mineralogy, {\AA}bo Akademi University ({\AA}AU), M.Sc. Rasmus Blomquist and M.Sc. Sauli Raunio from Grafintec Oy (Beowulf Mining) for providing the graphite-bearing rock samples from Haapam{\"a}ki, Finland. Dr. Sergey Kosourov is acknowledged for his advice regarding the biocompatibility of photosynthetic microbes. SmartBio Biocity Turku Research program is acknowledged for stimulating multidisciplinary collaboration. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors",

year = "2022",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100210",

language = "English",

volume = "9",

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AU - Lund, Sara

AU - Björnvik, Elisabeth

AU - Wang, Qingbo

AU - Wang, Xiaoju

AU - Vajravel, Sindhujaa

AU - Wey, Laura T.

AU - Allahverdiyeva, Yagut

AU - Kauppila, Jussi

AU - Smått, Jan-Henrik

AU - Peltonen, Jouko

AU - Latonen, Rose-Marie

AU - Lindfors, Tom

N1 - Funding Information: This work was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 292472), Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, K.H. Renlund foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation project “PhotoCat” (no. NNF20OC0064371 to Y.A) and Kone foundation (project number 201608799). The authors greatly acknowledge Lic.Sc. Jenny Palosaari from Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University (ÅAU), M.Sc. Rasmus Blomquist and M.Sc. Sauli Raunio from Grafintec Oy (Beowulf Mining) for providing the graphite-bearing rock samples from Haapamäki, Finland. Dr. Sergey Kosourov is acknowledged for his advice regarding the biocompatibility of photosynthetic microbes. SmartBio Biocity Turku Research program is acknowledged for stimulating multidisciplinary collaboration. Funding Information: This work was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 292472 ), Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, K.H. Renlund foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation project “PhotoCat” (no. NNF20OC0064371 to Y.A) and Kone foundation (project number 201608799 ). The authors greatly acknowledge Lic.Sc. Jenny Palosaari from Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University (ÅAU), M.Sc. Rasmus Blomquist and M.Sc. Sauli Raunio from Grafintec Oy (Beowulf Mining) for providing the graphite-bearing rock samples from Haapamäki, Finland. Dr. Sergey Kosourov is acknowledged for his advice regarding the biocompatibility of photosynthetic microbes. SmartBio Biocity Turku Research program is acknowledged for stimulating multidisciplinary collaboration. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors

PY - 2022/10

Y1 - 2022/10

N2 - Electroconductive composites of graphene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared by direct exfoliation of natural flake graphite in CNC suspensions. Using the scalable high-shear exfoliation method, we show that the environmentally friendly CNC is an excellent graphene stabilizer as we prepared aqueous graphene-CNC dispersions with a high concentration (4.0 mg ml−1) and yield (4.0%) after only 2 h exfoliation time. With this fast and facile method, we exfoliated graphite using CNC with different amounts of negatively charged sulfate ester groups. We found that the graphene concentration is proportional to zeta potential of the CNC suspension suggesting that electrostatic repulsion plays a key role in graphene stabilization. Albeit the insulating nature of CNC, the spray-coated composite films were electrically conductive with conductivity up to 280 S m−1, depending on the CNC amount. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed a reversible redox response for the Fe(CN)63-/4− couple proving that the electron transfer was efficient in the composite film. Furthermore, biocompatibility studies with photosynthetic microorganisms revealed no toxic effects as the cells maintained their photosynthetic performance and growth when placed in direct contact with the composite. The cytocompatibility, electroactivity and good water-stability make the composite film a promising anode for bioelectrochemical applications.

AB - Electroconductive composites of graphene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared by direct exfoliation of natural flake graphite in CNC suspensions. Using the scalable high-shear exfoliation method, we show that the environmentally friendly CNC is an excellent graphene stabilizer as we prepared aqueous graphene-CNC dispersions with a high concentration (4.0 mg ml−1) and yield (4.0%) after only 2 h exfoliation time. With this fast and facile method, we exfoliated graphite using CNC with different amounts of negatively charged sulfate ester groups. We found that the graphene concentration is proportional to zeta potential of the CNC suspension suggesting that electrostatic repulsion plays a key role in graphene stabilization. Albeit the insulating nature of CNC, the spray-coated composite films were electrically conductive with conductivity up to 280 S m−1, depending on the CNC amount. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed a reversible redox response for the Fe(CN)63-/4− couple proving that the electron transfer was efficient in the composite film. Furthermore, biocompatibility studies with photosynthetic microorganisms revealed no toxic effects as the cells maintained their photosynthetic performance and growth when placed in direct contact with the composite. The cytocompatibility, electroactivity and good water-stability make the composite film a promising anode for bioelectrochemical applications.

KW - cytocompatibility

KW - electroactivity

KW - few-layer graphene

KW - liquid-phase exfoliation

KW - nanocellulose

KW - natural flake graphite

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DO - 10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100210

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85137346113

VL - 9

JO - Carbon Trends

JF - Carbon Trends

M1 - 100210

ER -

Shear exfoliated few-layer graphene and cellulose nanocrystal composite as biocompatible anode with efficient charge transfer

Abstract

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Shear exfoliated few-layer graphene and cellulose nanocrystal composite as biocompatible anode with efficient charge transfer

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Åbo Akademi Functional Printing Center

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