Introduction: minorities and the making of European welfare

The development of welfare states across Europe in the twentieth century had different outcomes for different segments of society. In this special issue the dual character of welfare–that is, the aim of alleviating distress and creating social cohesion while creating divisions when determining who is deserving of what–is studied through the lens of ethnic and social minorities. Minorities, grouped together through joint experiences, heritage and/or social classifications, have been subjected to both inclusionary and exclusionary welfare policies. Thus, welfare in the form of social services, social security, education and health care is a key component in addressing, maintaining and creating majority-minority divisions. This article introduces the contributions to the special issue and outlines their historiographical and conceptual foundations. Special attention is given to how the authors in the special issue define welfare and minorities, as well as how the articles contribute to the study of these fields. In the introduction, we argue for a need to study the implications of welfare for minorities case by case, while at the same time outlining principal ways that minorities and welfare have been interlinked.