@inproceedings{26f96aef39fb4a888bd9f1a0580637b6,
title = "Characterization of a Nickel Flash Smelter Refractory Material—The Effect of Thermal Gradient",
abstract = "Magnesia-chromite (MgCr2O4) spinel-based refractories are applied in nickel and copper flash smelting furnaces, where the refractories experience high temperatures but also thermal gradients due to the cooling of the walls. In the gas space, the refractories are subjected to an aggressive environment with high SO2 concentrations. Furthermore, the increased use of recycled material streams has introduced new reactive impurities, such as halides, to the process. Therefore, the interactions between the refractories and gaseous species as well as the related reaction mechanisms need to be understood. This study presents a comparison between as-received and spent refractories from a nickel flash smelting furnace to identify the reactive species and shed light on their reaction mechanisms. The thermal gradient over the refractory is expected to affect the microstructure and contribute to the diffusion of elements within the structure. Therefore, special attention was paid to the role of the thermal gradient in the abovementioned interactions.",
keywords = "Flash smelting, Gas-phase reactions, Refractory wear, Thermal gradient",
author = "J. Lehmusto and S. S{\"o}yrinki and J. Lagerbom and T. Jokiaho and Z. Que and J. M{\"a}{\"a}tt{\"a} and L. Hupa and E. Huttunen-Saarivirta and M. Lindgren",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2024. ; Advances in Pyrometallurgy Symposium, held at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2024 ; Conference date: 03-03-2024 Through 07-03-2024",
year = "2024",
doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-50176-0_6",
language = "English",
isbn = "9783031501753",
series = "Minerals, Metals and Materials Series",
publisher = "Springer",
pages = "81--88",
editor = "{Alvear Flores}, {Gerardo R.} and Camille Fleuriault and Dean Gregurek and Reynolds, {Quinn G.} and Hugo Joubert and Nicol, {Stuart L.} and Mackey, {Phillip J.} and White, {Jesse F.} and Isabelle Nolet",
booktitle = "Advances in Pyrometallurgy - Furnace Containment",
}