TY - JOUR
T1 - Carbocatalysed Oxidative Csp2-Csp2 Homocouplings of Benzo-Fused Heterocycles
AU - Wirtanen, Tom
AU - Mäkelä, Mikko K.
AU - Sarfraz, Jawad
AU - Ihalainen, Petri
AU - Hietala, Sami
AU - Melchionna, Michele
AU - Helaja, Juho
N1 - fyke
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - Appropriate and fine-tuned treatments of amorphous carbon (AC) involving aqua regia or concentrated HNO3 lead to oxidised carbon materials (oAC) which are able to catalyse 2,2′- and 3,3′-homocouplings of various functionalised indoles with outstanding activity. This newly developed carbocatalysed Csp2-Csp2 bond formation can be achieved under mild thermal conditions. The study on the scope of the reaction revealed that the reaction can be extended to the homocoupling of other substrates of high synthetic interest such as 2-naphthol, 2-functionalised benzofurans and benzothiofurans. The characterisation of oAC with XPS together with ad hoc experiments aimed at blocking the active site revealed that the presence and distribution of C=O functionalities is critical and correlates well with the catalytic activity. Such experiments provide solid support for elucidation of the mechanism, suggesting a quinone nature of the active C=O groups, which are spontaneously regenerated by oxygen. This is confirmed by the fact that 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is able to promote the coupling in a stoichiometric fashion.
AB - Appropriate and fine-tuned treatments of amorphous carbon (AC) involving aqua regia or concentrated HNO3 lead to oxidised carbon materials (oAC) which are able to catalyse 2,2′- and 3,3′-homocouplings of various functionalised indoles with outstanding activity. This newly developed carbocatalysed Csp2-Csp2 bond formation can be achieved under mild thermal conditions. The study on the scope of the reaction revealed that the reaction can be extended to the homocoupling of other substrates of high synthetic interest such as 2-naphthol, 2-functionalised benzofurans and benzothiofurans. The characterisation of oAC with XPS together with ad hoc experiments aimed at blocking the active site revealed that the presence and distribution of C=O functionalities is critical and correlates well with the catalytic activity. Such experiments provide solid support for elucidation of the mechanism, suggesting a quinone nature of the active C=O groups, which are spontaneously regenerated by oxygen. This is confirmed by the fact that 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is able to promote the coupling in a stoichiometric fashion.
KW - heterogeneous catalysis
KW - heterogeneous catalysis
KW - heterogeneous catalysis
U2 - 10.1002/adsc.201500664
DO - 10.1002/adsc.201500664
M3 - Artikel
SN - 1615-4150
VL - 357
SP - 3718
EP - 3726
JO - Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis
JF - Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis
IS - 16-17
ER -