Advancements in gasification technologies: insights into modeling studies, power-to-X applications and sustainability assessments

The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the latest biomass gasification technologies discussing various configurations like fixed bed, entrained-flow, and fluidized-bed gasifiers along with advanced systems like plasma, multistage biomass, supercritical water and solar gasifiers. The article gives a comparative analysis by examining the performance levels, operational efficiency, and technical parameters within each gasification system. Additionally, the review delves into various gasification modeling approaches which include thermodynamic equilibrium models, kinetic models, computational fluid dynamics and data-driven models using machine learning. These modeling techniques are assessed in terms of their governing equations, solution methods, and accuracy in predicting gasification outcomes. The study also investigates the conversion of syngas and power into green fuels such as methane, hydrogen, and ammonia, with a focus on their techno-economic feasibility and sustainability through life cycle assessment. The review highlights multiple synthesis pathways for green fuel production and evaluates the most efficient methods for maximizing output while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Key research gaps and challenges within gasification technology, modeling methodologies, and green fuel synthesis are identified, emphasizing the need for improvements in gasifier operational efficiency, tar reduction, and model precision.